"本书主要介绍英语文体学的起源（对于逻辑学和修辞学的深入语
用的研究），以及英语各种文体的特点和在不同的语境中的应用情况。
在阐释了各种英语文体之后，又适当地进行了与同一内容的汉语文本
之间的问题比较和分析。
本书适合作为从事英语文体研究人员的参考用书，也适合作为普
通高等学校学生在练习英文写作时的参考用书。"

西方的文体研究起源于古希腊、罗马的修辞学。早期的研
究注重文体的劝说功能。1909 年巴依的《法语文体论》出版，
标志着西方现代文体学的开端。20 世纪60 年代初西方现代文
体学发展成为独立的学科。60～70 年代是西方现代文体学的兴
盛期，注重研究文体的形式和功能；80 年代话语文体学兴起，
注重分析会话，注重交际双方的相互作用过程；90 年代社会历
史与文化文体学蓬勃发展，注重揭示和批判语言中蕴涵的意识
形态和权利关系。近年来的一个发展趋势是不同文体学派竞相
发展，不断有新的文体学派形成。
1980 年王佐良的《英语文体学论文集》出版，标志着我国
外语界文体学研究的正式开始。文体学在教学、翻译、功能语
体研究等方面的应用，以及文体学与其他学科的关系已经日益
紧密了。20 世纪90 年代以来，外语界在文体学这门学科中所
关心的问题主要有：什么是文体；什么是文体学；文体学的任
务；体裁的研究；研究分析的不同方法；对个人风格的研究；
文体学的发展方向；文体学的研究对象；文体学的解释力；文
体学与符号学；文体学与叙事学；文体学与翻译学；文体测量
学；跨学科交流；文体学与外语教学等。其中，许多问题都需
要今后继续深入研究。
文体学为什么会有这种功效呢？
首先，从文体学和语言学的关系上讲，文体学有其自己的
特点。从语言学的角度讲，文体学是语言学的一个分支，研究
语言的某个方面，即它所表现出来的某些特点，而语言学是对
语言整体的研究。但从文体学的角度讲，它是一个特殊的、跨
学科的学科。它不仅把文学和语言学联系起来，还可以把语言
学和许多与语言相关的学科联系起来，如社会语言学、心理语言学、话语分析、会话分析、批评话语分析、体裁研究与符号学
等。这也显示了文体学研究的独特特点。同时，文体学和语言学
在研究重点上是有区别的。语言学以语法作为研究的中心，把组
词造句作为研究的主要对象，同时它也以聚合关系作为研究的重
点，无论形式主义还是功能主义都是如此。只有这些语言特征，
才能表现出不同的文体特色，才能在文体分析中进行研究。
其次，从文体学研究的重点和出发点上讲，文体学研究的
出发点是已经产出的语言，已经在语境当中使用的语言。这样，
从语料上讲，它是活的语言，不是根据语法规则推导出来的语
言。与它相伴随的还有情景语境、文化语境、交际目的、交际
对象等。文体学研究的重点是发现语言的文体，以及为了发现
语言的文体而建立起来的一系列理论模式、研究方法、问题分
析程序及语料的选择方法等。
由此可见，文体学是一门研究语言运用的科学，涉及在什
么条件下用（情景语境、文化语境、交际目的等），如何用得合
适，如何才能取得预期的效果及用什么样的语言等。在外语教
学和学习中，根据文体学的理论和研究重点来认识外语学习，
指导自己的外语学习，培养自己的文体感（即交际教学法所提
倡的合适性，或可接受性），会使自己的教学和学习更接近语言
运用的实际，所使用的语言更容易达到交际目的，更适合语境等。
本书全部使用英文进行编写，以力求对英语文体学的起源、
特点和在不同语境中的应用进行原汁原味地、精确地阐述，并
研究如何才能将文本用得合适，使文体学在应用中取得预期的
效果。
由于学识疏浅，书中疏漏和不足之处敬请学术界前辈、文
体学和语言学同行及广大读者斧正。

Chapter 1 General Introduction ......................................................1
1.1 Definition of Style............................................................................ 1
1.1.1 Language.................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 Style ......................................................................................... 2
1.2 Definition of Stylistics ..................................................................... 4
1.3 Development of Modern Stylistics ................................................... 8
Chapter 2 General Theories of Stylistics ......................................10
2.1 Types of Stylistic Theories ............................................................. 10
2.1.1 Formal Stylistics......................................................................11
2.1.2 Functional Stylistics ............................................................... 12
2.1.3 Discourse/Text Stylistics ........................................................ 14
2.2 Models of Stylistics........................................................................ 15
2.2.1 The Sketch of Modern Linguistics ......................................... 15
2.2.2 Models of Linguistic Stylistics ............................................... 19
2.3 Three Views on Style ..................................................................... 29
2.3.1 Style as Deviance ................................................................... 30
2.3.2 Style as Choice ....................................................................... 32
2.3.3 Style as Foregrounding........................................................... 34
Chapter 3 Grammar and Literary Style.........................................37
3.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 37
3.2 Definition of Grammar................................................................... 38
3.3 Prescription and Description .......................................................... 39
3.4 Morphology and Syntax................................................................. 40
3.5 Word Classes.................................................................................. 43
3.5.1 Identifying Word Classes........................................................ 44
3.5.2 Open and Closed Class Words................................................ 463.6 Describing Noun and Verb Phrases ................................................ 47
3.6.1 The Noun Phrase .................................................................... 48
3.6.2 The Verb Phrase ..................................................................... 49
3.6.3 Non-finite Verb Phrases.......................................................... 50
3.7 Describing Sentences ..................................................................... 52
3.7.1 Sentences and Clauses............................................................ 52
3.7.2 Simple and Complex Sentences.............................................. 53
3.8 Foregrounding and Grammatical Form .......................................... 56
3.9 Analysis of Grammar: Checklist .................................................... 59
Chapter 4 Meaning.......................................................................61
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................... 61
4.2 Semantics....................................................................................... 61
4.2.1 Gaps and Overlaps.................................................................. 62
4.2.2 Opposites................................................................................ 63
4.2.3 Hyponyms and Superordinates ............................................... 64
4.3 Context........................................................................................... 65
4.3.1 Deixis ..................................................................................... 66
4.3.2 Homonyms ............................................................................. 67
4.3.3 Other Similar Texts/Discourses .............................................. 67
4.3.4 Prior Knowledge .................................................................... 68
4.4 Register .......................................................................................... 69
4.5 Literal Language and Figurative Language.................................... 71
4.5.1 Similes.................................................................................... 72
4.5.2 Metaphor ................................................................................ 72
4.5.3 Simile versus Metaphor.......................................................... 74
4.5.4 Explicit and Embedded Metaphors......................................... 75
4.5.5 Types of Metaphor.................................................................. 77
4.5.6 Metonymy .............................................................................. 82
4.5.7 Synecdoche ............................................................................ 82
4.6 Metaphor and Language Change.................................................... 83
4.7 Functions of Figurative Language Use........................................... 84
Chapter 5 International Business .................................................85
5.1 Semantic Features .......................................................................... 855.1.1 Correctness and Completeness ............................................... 85
5.1.2 Clearness and Conciseness ..................................................... 86
5.1.3 Consideration and Courtesy.................................................... 87
5.2 Grammatical Features .................................................................... 87
5.2.1 B Sentence Structure .............................................................. 87
5.2.2 Use of Voices.......................................................................... 88
5.2.3 Use of Affirmative Sentences ................................................. 89
5.2.4 Inverted Sentences.................................................................. 89
5.3 Lexical Features ............................................................................. 89
5.3.1 Concrete and Natural Words................................................... 89
5.3.2 Technical Terms and Abbreviations........................................ 90
5.3.3 Brief and Common Words ...................................................... 90
5.3.4 Avoiding Clichés .................................................................... 91
5.4 Graphological Features .................................................................. 92
5.4.1 Capitalization ......................................................................... 92
5.4.2 Arrangement of Typesetting ................................................... 92
Chapter 6 Computer and Internet .................................................95
6.1 Computer Language....................................................................... 95
6.1.1 Lexical Features ..................................................................... 96
6.1.2 Grammatical Features............................................................. 98
6.2 Internet Language .......................................................................... 99
6.2.1 Semantic Features ................................................................ 100
6.2.2 Grammatical Features........................................................... 101
6.2.3 Lexical Features ................................................................... 102
6.2.4 Graphological Features......................................................... 107
Chapter 7 The English of Conversation...................................... 110
7.1 Necessity of Studying Speech .......................................................110
7.2 Necessity of Studying Conversation .............................................110
7.3 Object of Study .............................................................................110
7.4 An Adapted Way of Transcription .................................................111
7.5 General Features ...........................................................................111
7.6 Stylistic Features in Terms of Levels of Language........................113
7.6.1 Grammatical Features............................................................1137.6.2 Lexical Features ....................................................................115
7.6.3 Phonological Features ...........................................................118
7.6.4 Semantic Features .................................................................119
7.7 Summary & Other Kinds of Conversation ................................... 120
7.8 Discussion about Telephone Conversing...................................... 120
Chapter 8 News Report ..............................................................121
8.1 Semantic Features ........................................................................ 122
8.2 Text Structure............................................................................... 122
8.2.1 Headline ............................................................................... 123
8.2.2 Guide.................................................................................... 125
8.2.3 Main Body............................................................................ 126
8.3 Grammatical Features .................................................................. 129
8.3.1 Meaning Contraction ............................................................ 129
8.3.2 Objectivity............................................................................ 130
8.3.3 Concreteness and Detailedness............................................. 130
8.4 Lexical Features ........................................................................... 131
8.5 Graphological Features ................................................................ 131
Chapter 9 The English of Public Speech .................................... 133
9.1 Scope of Public Speech................................................................ 133
9.2 A Sample Text for Analysis.......................................................... 133
9.3 General Features of Public Speech............................................... 135
9.4 Stylistic Features of Public Speech .............................................. 135
9.4.1 Grammatical Features........................................................... 135
9.4.2 Lexical Features ................................................................... 137
9.4.3 Phonological Features .......................................................... 138
9.4.4 Semantic Features ................................................................ 140
Chapter 10 Legal Documents..................................................... 144
10.1 Function and Style ..................................................................... 144
10.2 Grammatical Features ................................................................ 145
10.2.1 Basic Sentence Structure and Process Types ...................... 145
10.2.2 Verbal Groups..................................................................... 145
10.2.3 Noun Phrases or Participants.............................................. 146
10.2.4 Adverbials .......................................................................... 14710.2.5 The Sentence ...................................................................... 147
10.3 Lexical Features ......................................................................... 148
10.3.1 Sources ............................................................................... 148
10.3.2 Classifications and Functions ............................................. 148
10.4 Graphological Features .............................................................. 149
10.4.1 Punctuation......................................................................... 149
10.4.2 Capitalization ..................................................................... 150
10.4.3 The Marking of Text Structures.......................................... 150
Chapter 11 Science and Technology.......................................... 151
11.1 Semantic Features ...................................................................... 151
11.1.1 The Explicitness of the Relations between Semantic
Structures ........................................................................... 152
11.1.2 Depersonalization ............................................................... 152
11.1.3 Renationalization................................................................ 154
11.2 Grammatical Features ................................................................ 155
11.3 Lexical Features ......................................................................... 157
11.3.1 Sources ............................................................................... 157
11.3.2 Classification ...................................................................... 158
11.3.3 Function.............................................................................. 158
Bibliography .................................................................................. 160

洪宇，女，讲师，哈尔滨金融学院英语系教师。长期从事英语专业的教学与科研工作。任教以来共发表相关论文近十数篇，参与《电子商务英语》和《大学英语阅读挑战与分析》等教材的编写工作。王卓，男，讲师，哈尔滨金融学院英语系教师。长期从事英语专业的教学与科研工作。任教以来共发表相关论文近十篇，参与教材《国际商务沟通》的编写工作。贺晓光，男，研究生学历，讲师，哈尔滨金融学院老师，从事一线教育十余年。